Education · Literature

Research papers on Online learning outcomes

Recent and highly-cited academic work on online learning outcomes, gathered from Semantic Scholar, CrossRef and OpenAlex.

1. Outcomes for Implementation Research: Conceptual Distinctions, Measurement Challenges, and Research Agenda

   Enola K. Proctor, Hiie Silmere, Ramesh Raghavan, et al. · 2010 · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · 8,955 citations

   An unresolved issue in the field of implementation research is how to conceptualize and evaluate successful implementation. This paper advances the concept of "implementation outcomes" distinct from service system and clinical treatment outcomes. This paper proposes a heuristic, working "taxonomy" of eight conceptually distinct implementation outcomes-acceptability, adoption, appropriateness, feasibility, fidelity, implementation cost, penetration, and sustainability-along with their nominal definitions. We propose a two-pronged agenda for research on implementation outcomes. Conceptualizing and measuring implementation outcomes will advance understanding of implementation processes, enhance

2. The Difference between Emergency Remote Teaching and Online Learning

   Charles B. Hodges, Stephanie Moore, Barbara B. Lockee, et al. · 2024 · 6,277 citations

   Well-planned online learning experiences are meaningfully different from courses offered online in response to a crisis or disaster. Colleges and universities working to maintain instruction during the COVID-19 pandemic should understand those differences when evaluating this emergency remote teaching.

3. MoleculeNet: a benchmark for molecular machine learning

   Zhenqin Wu, Bharath Ramsundar, Evan N. Feinberg, et al. · 2017 · Chemical Science · 3,022 citations

   Molecular machine learning has been maturing rapidly over the last few years. Improved methods and the presence of larger datasets have enabled machine learning algorithms to make increasingly accurate predictions about molecular properties. However, algorithmic progress has been limited due to the lack of a standard benchmark to compare the efficacy of proposed methods; most new algorithms are benchmarked on different datasets making it challenging to gauge the quality of proposed methods. This work introduces MoleculeNet, a large scale benchmark for molecular machine learning. MoleculeNet curates multiple public datasets, establishes metrics for evaluation, and offers high quality open-sou

4. Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes

   Adrián Domínguez‐Díaz, Joseba Saenz-de-Navarrete, Luis de‐Marcos, et al. · 2013 · Computers & Education · 1,969 citations

5. Online learning amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Students perspectives

   Muhammad Abdullah Adnan · 2020 · Journal of Pedagogical Sociology and Psychology · 1,923 citations

   This research study examines the attitudes of Pakistani higher education students towards compulsory digital and distance learning university courses amid Coronavirus (COVID-19). Undergraduate and postgraduate were surveyed to find their perspectives about online education in Pakistan. The findings of the study highlighted that online learning cannot produce desired results in underdeveloped countries like Pakistan, where a vast majority of students are unable to access the internet due to technical as well as monetary issues. The lack of face-to-face interaction with the instructor, response time and absence of traditional classroom socialization were among some other issues highlighted by

6. Online and Remote Learning in Higher Education Institutes: A Necessity in light of COVID-19 Pandemic

   Wahab Ali · 2020 · Higher Education Studies · 1,660 citations

   In light of the rising concerns about the spread of COVID-19 and calls to contain the Corona Virus, a growing number of tertiary institutions have shut down in regards to face-to-face classes globally. The Corona virus has revealed emerging vulnerabilities in education systems around the world. It is now clear that society needs flexible and resilient education systems as we face unpredictable futures. A meta-analysis methodology was adopted for this study and pertinent literature was visited to capture the essence of continued learning during these unprecedented times. Findings reveal that universities worldwide are moving more and more towards online learning or E- Learning. Findings also

7. Engagement Matters: Student Perceptions on the Importance of Engagement Strategies in the Online Learning Environment

   Florence Martin, Doris U. Bolliger · 2018 · Online Learning · 1,383 citations

   Student engagement increases student satisfaction, enhances student motivation to learn, reduces the sense of isolation, and improves student performance in online courses. This survey-based research study examines student perception on various engagement strategies used in online courses based on Moore’s interaction framework. One hundred and fifty five students completed a 38-item survey on learner-to-learner, learner-to-instructor, and learner-to-content engagement strategies. Learner-to-instructor engagement strategies seemed to be most valued among the three categories. Icebreaker/introduction discussions and working collaboratively using online communication tools was rated the most be

8. The sudden transition to synchronized online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia: a qualitative study exploring medical students’ perspectives

   Rehana Khalil, Ali Mansour, Walaa A. Fadda, et al. · 2020 · BMC Medical Education · 910 citations

   BACKGROUND: The closure of educational activities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic resulted in an unplanned shift from traditional learning to a setup that exclusively involves digital teaching and learning. Within this context, the present study aimed to explore undergraduate medical students' perceptions regarding the effectiveness of synchronized online learning at Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted using virtual focus group discussions synchronously with the help of a discussion guide consisting of seven open-ended questions. Overall, 60 medical students were recr

9. Blended learning effectiveness: the relationship between student characteristics, design features and outcomes

   Mugenyi Justice Kintu, Chang Zhu, Edmond Kagambe · 2017 · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · 747 citations

   This paper investigates the effectiveness of a blended learning environment through analyzing the relationship between student characteristics/background, design features and learning outcomes. It is aimed at determining the significant predictors of blended learning effectiveness taking student characteristics/background and design features as independent variables and learning outcomes as dependent variables. A survey was administered to 238 respondents to gather data on student characteristics/background, design features and learning outcomes. The final semester evaluation results were used as a measure for performance as an outcome. We applied the online self regulatory learning question

10. The effectiveness of workplace coaching: A meta‐analysis of learning and performance outcomes from coaching

    Rebecca J. Jones, Stephen A. Woods, Yves Guillaume · 2015 · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · 590 citations

    This study presents a meta‐analysis synthesizing the existing research on the effectiveness of workplace coaching. We exclusively explore workplace coaching provided by internal or external coaches and therefore exclude cases of manager–subordinate and peer coaching. We propose a framework of potential outcomes from coaching in organizations, which we examine meta‐analytically ( k = 17). Our analyses indicated that coaching had positive effects on organizational outcomes overall (δ = 0.36), and on specific forms of outcome criteria (skill‐based δ = 0.28; affective δ = 0.51; individual‐level results δ = 1.24). We also examined moderation by a number of coaching practice factors (use of multis

11. Effectiveness of learning strategy instruction on academic performance: A meta-analysis

    Anouk S. Donker, Hester de Boer, Danny Kostons, et al. · 2013 · Educational Research Review · 477 citations

12. The evaluation of synchronous and asynchronous online learning: student experience, learning outcomes, and cognitive load

    Chih-Tsung Hung, Shoule Wu, Yi-Hsien Chen, et al. · 2024 · BMC Medical Education · 57 citations

    The abrupt onset of the COVID-19 pandemic compelled universities to swiftly establish online teaching and learning environments that were not only immediately deployable but also conducive to high-quality education. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of the online synchronous and asynchronous teaching formats in the dermatology lecture for undergraduate medical students, including academic performance, self-efficacy, and cognitive load. A total of 170 fourth-year undergraduate medical students attending the dermatology lecture were included. The lecture was delivered using both the synchronous method (live online lecture via Webex meeting) and the asynchronous method (lecture vide

13. From Classroom to Online: Comparing the Effectiveness and Student Academic Performance of Classroom Learning and Online Learning

    Bernard Fentim Darkwa, Samuel Antwi · 2021 · OALib · 20 citations

14. The Effectiveness of Online Learning in The Emerging Academic Environment: A Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) Approach

    M. Chaudhary, Surendra Mahato, Madhav Adhikari · 2023 · FIIB Business Review · 10 citations

    This study investigates the mediating influence of perceived ease of use on the relationship among faculty perspective, students’ perspective, technology perspective and the effectiveness of online learning. Employing a causal-comparative research design, data were collected from 390 respondents using a five-point Likert scale. Structural equation modelling through AMOS was employed as the data analysis tool. The research findings reveal that perceived ease of use plays a crucial mediating role in the association among faculty perspective, students’ perspective, technology perspective and the effectiveness of online learning. The results underscore the significance of user experience and the

15. Detecting Student Engagement in an Online Learning Environment Using a Machine Learning Algorithm

    Youssra Bellarhmouch, Hajar Majjate, Adil Jeghal, et al. · 2025 · Informatics · 8 citations

    This paper examines online learner engagement, a complex concept encompassing several dimensions (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive) and recognized as a key indicator of learning effectiveness. Engagement involves participation, motivation, persistence, and reflection, facilitating content understanding. Predicting engagement, particularly behavioral engagement, encourages interaction and aids teachers in adjusting their methods. The aim is to develop a predictive model to classify learners based on their engagement, using indicators such as academic outcomes to identify signs of difficulty. This study demonstrates that engagement in quizzes and exams predicts engagement in lessons, promo

16. How Online Learning Readiness Can Predict Online Learning Emotional States and Expected Academic Outcomes: Testing a Theoretically Based Mediation Model

    Hsiang-yu Chien, Yu-Chen Yeh, Oi-Man Kwok · 2022 · Online Learning · 6 citations

    During the pandemic, online courses became the major delivery format for most institutions of higher learning across the United States and around the world. However, many students experienced emotional distress as a result and have struggled to adapt to remote learning. To explore how emotional distress relates to other aspects of online learning, including online learning readiness and academic outcome, we asked a sample of 80 college students to participate in an online survey in the fall semester of 2020. Two distinct online learning readiness patterns were found using k-means cluster analysis. Online learning-ready learners showed statistically significant differences from the not-ready

17. An analytical model of college students’ self-assessed satisfaction with the effectiveness of online learning: a structural equation model integrating LICE and S-O-R models

    Xin Dai, Rongrong Wang, Xuefeng Huang, et al. · 2024 · Frontiers in Psychology · 5 citations

    Background Nowadays, e-learning significantly affects college students’ academic life. This study aims to examine the factors that influence college students’ satisfaction with online learning outcomes. Method The study population consisted of undergraduate students from Dalian Medical University, with a total of 715 college students participating in the study. Out of these participants, 602 valid questionnaires were obtained. Demographic data was analyzed using SPSS.22, and the data was cleaned and prepared for testing the research hypotheses. The proposed research framework was examined using structural equation modeling (SEM) through Smart-PLS 3.0. Results The results of the study showed

18. Analysis of the Effectiveness of Online Learning Based on Google Classroom on High School Students' Learning Achievement

    Selvina Doranggi, Ardiana Rizka · 2025 · Indonesian Journal of Education Research (IJoER) · 4 citations

    Purpose of the study: This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a systematic literature review. Data were collected from scientific journal articles published between 2020 and 2022. The analysis follows the framework of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to synthesize findings on the impact of Google Classroom on students' learning outcomes. Methodology: This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach using a systematic literature review. Data were collected from scientific journal articles published between 2020 and 2022. The analysis follows the framework of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to synthesize findings on the impact

19. Applicability of ChatGPT in Online Collaborative Learning: Evidence Based on Learning Outcomes

    Haixin Liu · 2024 · Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on Education · 4 citations

    The study delves into the impact of ChatGPT, a generative AI technology, on online collaborative learning (OCL) outcomes in educational settings. With a focus on knowledge activation and critical thinking, this research involved thirty university students from various disciplines, divided into experimental (ChatGPT) and control (traditional online search) groups. The research process involved controlled experiment and semi-structured interviews. Results revealed a significant disparity in knowledge activation levels between the experimental and control groups, showcasing the efficacy of ChatGPT in enhancing students' engagement with challenging concepts. Furthermore, the study underscored Ch

20. Online assessments and their impact on student’s academic performance and learning outcomes: A case of South African University of Technology

    Radiakga Thabang Molokomme, Mpho Gift Motebe · 2025 · Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development · 3 citations

    This study explores the impact of online assessments on students’ academic performance and learning outcomes at the University of Technology in South Africa. The research problem addresses the effectiveness and challenges of digital assessment platforms in higher education (HE), particularly their influence on student engagement, feedback quality, and academic integrity. A qualitative case study approach was employed, involving semi-structured interviews with ten undergraduate and postgraduate students from diverse academic backgrounds. The findings reveal that while online assessments provide flexibility and immediate feedback, they also pose challenges related to technical issues, feedback

21. The Impact of Online Learning during the Covid-19 Pandemic on Academic Outcomes for Newly-Struggling High School Students

    Kristine Webster · 2024 · Online Learning · 3 citations

    The Covid-19 pandemic caused worldwide closures of schools resulting in a sudden shift to online instruction for students.  For many students, this shift caused a decrease in academic performance. This study was conducted to explore whether particular demographic variables were associated with decreased academic outcomes for newly-struggling students as well as to determine if there was a relationship between these demographic variables and the frequency of D and F final course grades.  Student final course grades were collected from a Midwestern United States high school’s student information system.  The data were used to compare academic performance between the fall semester of 2019 durin

22. The Impact of Dyslexia on the Effectiveness of Online Learning: A Systematic Literature Review

    Tinglei Liu, Feroz De Costa, Megat Al-Imran Yasin · 2023 · Studies in Media and Communication · 2 citations

    Dyslexia can have an impact on online learning outcomes. However, few studies have examined the association between dyslexia and online learning effectiveness. This systematic review focused on the effects of dyslexia on online learning effectiveness to conduct research in three major categories: analysis of impact, analysis of dyslexia on online learning, and analysis of interventions. A screening of two bibliographic databases identified 37 articles that met the inclusion criteria. The study determined that dyslexic learners are uncomforted with online learning and suffer from frustrated self-confidence and decreased academic performance in the learning process. It even affects the learner

23. Predicting Academic Success among College Students Using Machine Learning Techniques Applied to Online Learning Data

    Xiulian Zeng · 2023 · 2023 9th Annual International Conference on Network and Information Systems for Computers (ICNISC) · 2 citations

    Predicting academic success is crucial in educational research, particularly in the context of increasing online learning. This study utilizes machine learning techniques on online learning data to develop predictive models for determining academic success among college students. Various online learning data, including video watching time, chapter visits, and discussion frequency, are collected from a sample of college students. Through the use of random forests and Spearman correlation coefficients, key factors associated with academic success are identified. Logistic regression, random forest, decision tree, and neural network models are trained with these factors for further analysis and

24. A Systematic Literature Review on the Impact of Digital Literacy on Online Learning Effectiveness

    Eko Risdianto, K. Y. Sari, Hamed Barjesteh, et al. · 2025 · Journal of Studies in Science and Engineering · 1 citations

    This study integrates bibliometric analysis and a systematic literature review (SLR) to examine the role of digital literacy in enhancing the effectiveness of online learning and its influence on educational outcomes. Although research on digital literacy in online learning has increased, many studies remain limited to isolated analyses without presenting global publication trends or addressing contextual challenges across different regions. Through bibliometric analysis of 266 Scopus-indexed documents published between 2015 and 2025, this study revealed a significant upward trend in research focusing on the integration of digital skills and technological tools to support quality education.