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Research papers on Antibiotic resistance

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  1. Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis

    Christopher J L Murray, Kevin S Ikuta, Fablina Sharara, et al. · 2022 · The Lancet · 15,743 citations

    BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major threat to human health around the world. Previous publications have estimated the effect of AMR on incidence, deaths, hospital length of stay, and health-care costs for specific pathogen-drug combinations in select locations. To our knowledge, this study presents the most comprehensive estimates of AMR burden to date. METHODS: We estimated deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to and associated with bacterial AMR for 23 pathogens and 88 pathogen-drug combinations in 204 countries and territories in 2019. We obtained data from systematic literature reviews, hospital systems, surveillance systems, and other sourc

  2. Identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes

    Ea Zankari, Henrik Hasman, Salvatore Cosentino, et al. · 2012 · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · 5,184 citations

    OBJECTIVES: Identification of antimicrobial resistance genes is important for understanding the underlying mechanisms and the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance. As the costs of whole-genome sequencing (WGS) continue to decline, it becomes increasingly available in routine diagnostic laboratories and is anticipated to substitute traditional methods for resistance gene identification. Thus, the current challenge is to extract the relevant information from the large amount of generated data. METHODS: We developed a web-based method, ResFinder that uses BLAST for identification of acquired antimicrobial resistance genes in whole-genome data. As input, the method can use both pre-assembled

  3. Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance

    Gerald McDonnell, A.D. Russell · 1999 · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · 4,755 citations

    Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on

  5. The Crisis in Antibiotic Resistance

    Harold C. Neu · 1992 · Science · 2,851 citations

    The synthesis of large numbers of antibiotics over the past three decades has caused complacency about the threat of bacterial resistance. Bacteria have become resistant to antimicrobial agents as a result of chromosomal changes or the exchange of the exchange of genetic material via plasmids and transposons. Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, and staphylococci, organisms that cause respiratory and cutaneous infections, and members of the Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas families, organisms that cause diarrhea, urinary infection, and sepsis, are now resistant to virtually all of the older antibiotics. The extensive use of antibiotics in the community and hospitals has fueled

  6. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine.

    Víctor Lorian · 1980 · Annals of Internal Medicine · 2,789 citations

    The Breakpoint 1 Matthew A. Wikler, Paul G. Ambrose Antimicrobial Susceptibility on Solid Media 8 John D. Turnidge, Jan M. Bell Susceptibility Testing of Antimicrobials in Liquid Media 61 Daniel Amsterdam Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing of Anaerobic Bacteria 144 David W. Hecht Antimycobacterial Agents: In Vitro Susceptibility Testing and Mechanisms of Action and Resistance 155 Clark B. Inderlied and Kevin A. Nash Antifungal Drugs: Mechanisms of Action, Drug Resistance, Susceptibility Testing, and Assays of Activity in Biological Fluids 226 Michael A. Pfaller, Daniel J. Diekema, and Michael G. Rinaldi Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing for Some Atypical Microorganisms (Chlamydia, Mycop

  7. Antibiotic resistance: a rundown of a global crisis

    Bilal Aslam, Wei Wang, Muhammad Arshad, et al. · 2018 · Infection and Drug Resistance · 2,562 citations

    The advent of multidrug resistance among pathogenic bacteria is imperiling the worth of antibiotics, which have previously transformed medical sciences. The crisis of antimicrobial resistance has been ascribed to the misuse of these agents and due to unavailability of newer drugs attributable to exigent regulatory requirements and reduced financial inducements. Comprehensive efforts are needed to minimize the pace of resistance by studying emergent microorganisms, resistance mechanisms, and antimicrobial agents. Multidisciplinary approaches are required across health care settings as well as environment and agriculture sectors. Progressive alternate approaches including probiotics, antibodie

  8. An overview of the antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of bacteria

    Wanda Reygaert · 2018 · AIMS Microbiology · 1,859 citations

    Resistance to antimicrobial agents has become a major source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. When antibiotics were first introduced in the 1900's, it was thought that we had won the war against microorganisms. It was soon discovered however, that the microorganisms were capable of developing resistance to any of the drugs that were used. Apparently most pathogenic microorganisms have the capability of developing resistance to at least some antimicrobial agents. The main mechanisms of resistance are: limiting uptake of a drug, modification of a drug target, inactivation of a drug, and active efflux of a drug. These mechanisms may be native to the microorganisms, or acquired from other m

  10. Antibiotic development challenges: the various mechanisms of action of antimicrobial peptides and of bacterial resistance

    Fernanda Guilhelmelli, Nathália Vilela, Patrícia Albuquerque, et al. · 2013 · Frontiers in Microbiology · 542 citations

    Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are natural antibiotics produced by various organisms such as mammals, arthropods, plants, and bacteria. In addition to antimicrobial activity, AMPs can induce chemokine production, accelerate angiogenesis, and wound healing and modulate apoptosis in multicellular organisms. Originally, their antimicrobial mechanism of action was thought to consist solely of an increase in pathogen cell membrane permeability, but it has already been shown that several AMPs do not modulate membrane permeability in the minimal lethal concentration. Instead, they exert their effects by inhibiting processes such as protein and cell wall synthesis, as well as enzyme activity, among o

  11. Occurrence of antibiotics and bacterial resistance genes in wastewater: resistance mechanisms and antimicrobial resistance control approaches

    Christopher Mutuku, Zoltán Gazdag, Szilvia Melegh · 2022 · World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · 259 citations

    Antimicrobial pharmaceuticals are classified as emergent micropollutants of concern, implying that even at low concentrations, long-term exposure to the environment can have significant eco-toxicological effects. There is a lack of a standardized regulatory framework governing the permissible antibiotic content for monitoring environmental water quality standards. Therefore, indiscriminate discharge of antimicrobials at potentially active concentrations into urban wastewater treatment facilities is rampant. Antimicrobials may exert selective pressure on bacteria, leading to resistance development and eventual health consequences. The emergence of clinically important multiple antibiotic-resi

  17. Molecular Mechanisms of Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria and Alternative Treatment Strategies: From Evolution of Resistance to Precision Antimicrobial Therapy

    Xincheng Li · 2025 · Theoretical and Natural Science · 1 citations

    Drug-resistant bacteria refer to microorganisms that possess resistance to one or multiple antibiotics, rendering these medications ineffective in treating infections and significantly increasing treatment difficulty. Between 1990 and 2021, over 1 million deaths annually worldwide were directly attributed to antibiotic resistance, with an average of 4.71 million deaths indirectly associated with it. Therefore, research into the molecular mechanisms of resistant bacteria and alternative treatment methods is urgently needed. Currently identified molecular mechanisms of bacterial resistance are diverse, primarily including: production of antibiotic-inactivating enzymes, modification of drug tar

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